CONTENTS

Unit: I                     9
[a] Civilization: The Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, China
[b] The Maya Civilization, the Incas, the Aztecs
[c] Polity, Economy and Social life and activities.
Unit:II                    75
[a] Ancient Greece and Roman Empire
[b] Evolution of the 'polis' and changing political formations in ancient Greece: Athens and Sparta
[c] Slavery in the Ancient Greek and Roman world
[d] Greek Culture-Science and Philosophy, religion, art, and architecture
Unit: III               103
[a] The Late Roman World, The Arabs
[b] Religion in the Late Roman Empire, Judaism and Christianity
[c] Spread of Christianity, Development of the Catholic Church
[d] Pre-Islamic society, Tribal background and the Rise of Islam, Foundation of the Islamic state, Caliphate and Crusades
Unit: IV              157
[a] Feudalism: its features and debates
[b] Feudal society and the Church
[c] Transitions in the feudal economy from 11th-14th centuries
Unit: V              167
[a] Growth of trade and towns and their impact
[b] Oceanic trade with the East
[c] Emergence of Europe as a centre of World trade, Medieval Cities,
[d] Trading communities- Jews, Arabs, Italians, Flanders, English, German and Dutch