CONTENTS
UNIT I: 9
CHAPTER 1
END OF THIRTY YEARS WAR 11
CHAPTER II 21
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA AND THE NEW STATE SYSTEM 21
CHAPTER III 27
FRANCE UNDER HENRY IV, RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN 27
CHAPTER IV 33
ERA OF LOUIS XIV 33
CHAPTER V 39
BOURBON SUCCESSION TO SPAIN 39
UNIT II: 45
CHAPTER VI 47
THE GERMANICS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 47
CHAPTER VII 55
RUSSIA: CAREERS OF PETER THE GREAT AND CATHERINE THE GREAT WARM WATER POLICY 55
CHAPTER VIII 63
CONFLICT BETWEEN HOHENZOLLERN PRUSSIA AND HABSBURG 63
AUSTRIA
CHAPTER IX 71
BRITISH EXPANSION: SUCCESSES AGAINST SPAIN AND FOUNDATION OF OVERSEAS EMPIRE 71
CHAPTER X 77
THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES 77
UNIT III 83
CHAPTER XI 85
CRISIS OF ANCIEN REGIME 85
CHAPTER XII 93
CAUSES INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS AND EMERGING SOCIAL CLASSES 93
CHAPTER XIII 103
PHASES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-99) 103
CHAPTER XIV 111
NAPOLEONIC CONSOLIDATION: REFORM AND EMPIRE 111
UNIT IV 127
CHAPTER XV 129
CONGRESS OF VIENNA: FORCES OF CONSERVATISM AND RESTORATION OF OLD HIERARCHIES 129
CHAPTER XVI 137
REVOLUTIONARY AND RADICAL MOVEMENTS, 1830-1848 137
CHAPTER XVII 145
PROCESS OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE; CASE STUDIES OF BRITAIN, FRANCE, THE GERMAN STATES AND RUSSIA 145
CHAPTER XVII 153
EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SOCIAL CLASSES: BOURGEOISIE, PROLETARIATE, LAND OWNING CLASSES AND
PEASANTRY 153
UNIT V 161
CHAPTER XIX 163
THE EASTERN QUESTION: THE CRIMEAN WAR 163
CHAPTER XX 169
ERA OF SECOND NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE: NAPOLEON II:
FOREIGN POLICY 169
CHAPTER XXI 175
UNIFICATION OF HALY 175
CHAPTER XXII 183
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 183
References 193
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